Notes: F=Free (0-30), PF=Partly Free (31-60), NF=Not Free (61-100)

Source: Freedom House, http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=274

Press Freedom Index in Nine Asian Countries: 1989-1993

Notes: F=Free (0-30), PF=Partly Free (31-60), NF=Not Free (61-100)

Source: Freedom House, http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=274

Press Freedom Index in Nine Asian Countries: 1980-1988

Notes: F=Free (0-30), PF=Partly Free (31-60), NF=Not Free (61-100)

P = Print, B = Broadcast

Source: Freedom House, http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=274

Press Ethics

Singapore

Malaysia Indonesia Philippines Thailand India South Korea Japan China 1. Truthfulness, honesty, accuracy of

information X X X X X X X X X 2. Essentiality of information X X X X X X X X X 3. Diversity and plurality of information X X X 4. Objectivity of information X X X X X X X X X 5. Checking the facts and the sources X X X X 6. Correction of errors X X X X X X X 7. Duty to publish press council’s

statements 8. Separation of facts and opinions X X X 9. Separation of advertisements and

editorial X X 10. Prohibition of selection and

misrepresentation X 11. Coverage of headlines in the text X 12. Duty to serve as a watchdog of

authority X 13. Freedom of expression, speech,

comment, criticism X X X X X X 14. Public’s right to express opinion X X 15. Journalists’ responsibility over

everything reported by him/her X X X X X X 16. Prohibition of discrimination on the

basis of race/ethnicity/nationality X X X X X X 17. Prohibition of discrimination on the

basis of religion/etc. X X X X X X 18. Respect for good taste in expression X X X X 19. Respect for common values X X X X 20. Prohibition of praising/inciting

crimes and violence X X X 21. Respect for other states and nations X X X

Function 2: Showing Accountability to the Sources and Referents
Press Ethics	Singapore	Malaysia	Indonesia	Philippines	Thailand	India	South Korea	Japan	China
22. Fair means in information collection	X	X		X	X	X	X	X	X
23. Respect for the copyright and laws of quoting	X	X	X	X					X
24. Respect for embargo
25. Right of the source to check the correctness of information
26. Prohibition of slander, libel, unfounded accusations	X	X	X				X	X	X
27. Right to reply	X		X						X
28. Respect for privacy	X	X	X	X		X	X	X	X
29. Special consideration in reporting crimes, accidents, etc.			X	X			X		X
30. Resumption of innocence			X	X					X
Function 3: Showing accountability to the State
31. Duty to observe the laws							X
32. Protection of state interests		X	X			X			X
Function 4: Showing accountability to the Employers
33. Prohibition to misuse journalistic position in order to get personal benefits	X	X	X	X		X			X
34. Respect for the agreed rules of the working place	X	X							X
35. Prohibition to offer one’s work to several publishers

Function 5: Protection of the Journalists’ Professional Integrity from outside Interference
Press Ethics	Singapore	Malaysia	Indonesia	Philippines	Thailand	India	South Korea	Japan	China
36. Prohibition to accept bribes or any other benefits	X	X	X	X		X			X
37. Prohibition to allow any outsider to have influence on the journalistic work	X	X						X
38. Right to free investigation	X					X		X
39. Free access to all information sources	X	X						X
40. Fight against censorship		X					X	X
41. Rejection of interference by public authorities		X						X
42. Professional secrecy	X	X	X	X		X	X	X	X
43. Conscience clauses				X
44. Right to refuse assignments contradictory to the code of ethics				X				X
45. Right to refuse assignments contradictory to the editorial policy				X				X
46. Journalists’ author’s rights
47. Right to proper payment and/or working conditions
48. Right to take part in the decision- making of the company

Function 6: Protection of the Status and the Unity of the Journalistic Profession
Press Ethics	Singapore	Malaysia	Indonesia	Philippines	Thailand	India	South Korea	Japan	China
49. Duty to fight against concentration
50. Duty to work for the good name of the profession	X	X		X	X	X		X	X
51. Duty to follow the code of ethics		X		X				X	X
52. Stress on the special status of the journalistic profession		X		X				X	X
53. Avoidance of an interest conflict: incompatibility of journalism and other activities	X	X	X	X	X	X		X	X
54. Defense of professional solidarity and the laws of fair competition	X					X			X
55. Respect for the professional organization

Note: X = presence

Note: This 55 items were taken from the classification scheme from a study of European Journalistic Codes of Ethics

Sources:

Government type extracted from

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/

Governing authority index extracted from http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm

State fragility (1946-2006) index extracted from http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm

Transparency index (2007) extracted fromhttp://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2007

Freedom index (2006) extracted from http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2007

Global competitive index (2007-2008) extracted fromhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/graphics/2007/11/01/davos.pdf

Source:

Kaufmann D., A. Kraay, and M. Mastruzzi 2008: Governance Matters VII: Governance Indicators for 1996-2007

http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp

Source: World Values Survey

http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/

Sources:

Globalization ranking, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/issue_marapr_2004/countrydetail.php

Economy freedom index http://www.heritage.org/index/countries.cfm

Human development index,  http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/

ICT access index

0.7-1.0 = High access; 0.5-0.69 = Upper middle access; 0.3-0.49 = Low middle access;0-0.29 = Low access

code from http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2003/30.html